血液透析发生结核感染的影响因素分析

目的分析维持性血液透析患者发生结核感染的影响因素及临床特点。方法回顾性调查2018年5月-2019年8月北京清华长庚医院肾内科收治的长期规律血液透析患者共150例,收集患者的年龄、性别、合并疾病、血常规、生化、透析充分性等检验结果和影像学资料,归纳分析血液透析患者发生结核感染的影响因素。结果150例血液透析患者,男性91人,女性59人,平均年龄(62.7±14.2)岁,发生结核感染者共11例(7.33%),其中肺外结核比例高(54.5%),以浆膜腔积液为主要表现(54.5%),血红蛋白(94.7±11.6)g/L、血清白蛋白(34.6±2.0)g/L、血肌酐(593.6±221.4)umol/L低于无结核感染者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);血小板(228.7±103.5)×10⁹/L高于无结核感染者,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者年龄、透析充分性、淋巴细胞、血糖、血脂、血钙、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素无统计学差异。结论血红蛋白<110g/L、白蛋白<35g/L是MHD患者发生结核感染的高危因素,MHD患者发生结核感染以肺外结核为主,临床表现具有隐匿性和不典型性,临床工作应提高警惕避免漏诊。     

糖尿病合并结核潜伏感染的研究热点与趋势分析

目的 探讨糖尿病合并结核潜伏感染的研究现状、热点与前沿。方法 收集Web of Science核心合集于2000年1月1日至2021年11月20日发表的糖尿病合并结核潜伏感染的相关文章，运用CiteSpace 5.8.R3软件进行可视化分析。结果 共纳入英文文献148篇，近20年来该领域发文量呈上升趋势。美国发文量最多（46篇, 31.08%），机构间合作情况的可视化分析共得到个340节点、929条连线，网络密度为0.0161，作者间合作关系的知识图谱共得到790个节点、2425条连线，网络密度为0.0078，关键词共现分析结果显示，糖尿病合并结核潜伏感染的危险因素、患病率、诊断和治疗是该领域的研究热点和趋势。结论 糖尿病合并结核潜伏感染的发文量不断增加，机构间、区域内和国际范围内的合作有待进一步开展。立足国情，探索慢病共病的管理模式将有助于优化共病管理，进一步推动慢病管理的进程。     

Effectiveness and Safety of Inhaled Antibiotics in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. A Multicentre Observational Study

BackgroundWe aimed to describe the effectiveness and safety of inhaled antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, as well as the patient profile in which they are usually prescribed and the patient groups that can most benefit from this treatment.MethodsMulticentre retrospective observational cohort study in COPD patients who had received ≥1 dose of inhaled antibiotics in the last 5 years. Clinical data from the two years prior to and subsequent to the start of the treatment were compared. Primary outcome: COPD exacerbations. Secondary outcomes: side effects, symptomatology (sputum purulence, dyspnoea), microbiological profile and pathogen eradication.ResultsOf 693 COPD patients analyzed (aged 74.1; 86.3% men; mean FEV₁ = 43.7%), 71.7% had bronchiectasis and 46.6% presented chronic bronchial infection (CBI) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). After 1 year of treatment with inhaled antibiotics, there was a significant decrease in the number of exacerbations (?33.3%; P < .001), hospital admissions (?33.3%; P < .001) and hospitalization days (?26.2%; P = .003). We found no difference in effectiveness between patients with or without associated bronchiectasis. Positive patient outcomes were more pronounced in PA-eradicated patients. We found a significant reduction in daily expectoration (?33.1%; P = .024), mucopurulent/purulent sputum (?53.9%; P < .001), isolation of any potentially pathogenic microorganisms (PPM) (?16.7%; P < .001), CBI by any PPM (?37.4%; P < .001) and CBI by PA (?49.8%; P < .001). CBI by any PPM and ≥three previous exacerbations were associated with a better treatment response. 25.4% of patients presented non-severe side-effects, the most frequent of these being bronchospasm (10.5%), dyspnoea (8.8%) and cough (1.7%).ConclusionsIn COPD patients with multiple exacerbations and/or CBI by any PPM (especially PA), inhaled antibiotics appear to be an effective and safe treatment, regardless of the presence of bronchiectasis.     

Prior surgical fixation of proximal humerus fractures is associated with increased complications following subsequent reverse shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to compare complication rates between patients undergoing reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) after a prior open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for proximal humerus fracture (PHF) to those undergoing RSA as a primary treatment for PHFs, glenohumeral osteoarthritis, or rotator cuff tear arthropathy (CTA).MethodsPatients who underwent RSA between 2015 and 2020 were identified in the Mariner database. Patients were separated into 3 mutually exclusive groups: (1) RSA for osteoarthritis, rotator cuff tear, or CTA (Control-RSA); (2) RSA as a primary treatment for PHF (PHF-RSA); and (3) RSA for patients with prior ORIF of PHFs (ORIF-RSA). Ninety-day medical and 2-year postoperative surgical complications were identified. In addition, patients in the PHF-RSA group were subdivided into those undergoing RSA for PHF within 3 months of the fracture (acute) vs. those treated greater than 3 months from diagnosis (delayed). Multivariate regression was performed to control for differences in comorbidities and demographics.ResultsA total of 30,824 patients underwent primary RSA for arthritis or CTA, 5389 patients underwent RSA as a primary treatment for a PHF, and 361 patients underwent RSA after ORIF of a PHF. ORIF before RSA was associated with an increased risk of overall revision (odds ratio [OR] 2.45, P = .002), infection (OR 2.40, P < .001), instability (OR 2.43, P < .001), fracture (OR 3.24, P = .001), minor medical complications (OR 1.59, P = .008), and readmission (OR 2.55, P = .001) compared with the Control-RSA cohort. RSA as a primary treatment for PHF was associated with an increased risk of 2-year revision (OR 1.60, P < .001), infection (OR 1.51, P < .001), instability (OR 2.84, P < .001), and fracture (OR 2.54, P < .001) in addition to major medical complications (OR 2.02, P < .001), minor medical complications (OR 1.92, P < .001), 90-day emergency department visits (OR 1.26, P < .001) and 90-day readmission (OR 2.03, P < .001) compared with the Control-RSA cohort. The ORIF-RSA group had an increased risk of periprosthetic infection (OR 1.94, P = .002) when compared with the PHF-RSA cohort. There were no differences in medical or surgical complications in the RSA-PHF cohort between patients treated in an acute or delayed fashion.ConclusionRSA following ORIF of a PHF is associated with increased complications compared with patients undergoing RSA for nonfracture indications. Prior ORIF of a PHF is also an independent risk factor for postoperative infection after RSA compared with patients who undergo RSA as a primary operation for fracture. The timing of RSA as a primary operation for PHF does not appear to impact the rates of postoperative medical and surgical complications.     

益气活血法联合西药治疗肺纤维化疗效及安全性Meta分析＊

目的 系统评价益气活血法联合西药治疗特发性肺纤维化（idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis，IPF）的疗效及安全性。方法 系统检索中国知网、维普网、万方数据库、EMbase、PubMed、Cochrane Library图书馆等数据库，检索时限从数据库建库至2021年1月，纳入益气活血法联合西药治疗特发性肺纤维化的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trial，RCT），由2名研究人员独立筛选并交叉核对纳入结果，提取有效数据后，应用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 纳入16项随机对照试验共计1160例IPF患者。分析结果显示益气活血法联合西药组可提高临床总有效率（OR= 3.71，95% CI ［2.68，5.14］，P<0.00001）；改善患者肺功能：用力肺活量（MD=0.31，95% CI ［0.23，0.38］，P<0.00001）（MD=3.59，95% CI ［1.51，5.66］，P=0.0007），一氧化碳弥散量（MD=2.54，95% CI ［1.83，3.25］，P<0.00001）；提高生活质量，降低圣乔治评分：呼吸困难（MD=-12.70，95% CI ［-21.07，-4.32］，P=0.003），活动能力（MD=-8.38，95% CI ［-13.66，-3.10］，P=0.002），疾病影响（MD=-13.87，95% CI ［-22.53，-5.22］，P=0.002）；并可降低患者中医症状积分：喘息（MD=-0.66，95% CI ［-0.84，-0.49］，P<0.00001），咳嗽（MD=-0.71，95% CI ［-1.04，-0.37］，P<0.0001）；有效提高动脉血氧分压（MD=5.92，95% CI ［4.61，7.22］，P<0.00001）；且不增加不良事件发生率（OR=0.55，95% CI ［0.27，1.14］，P=0.11）。结论 益气活血法联合西药治疗IPF可提高临床治疗有效率，改善患者生活质量，且不增加临床不良事件（便秘、嗜睡、口干、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、腹泻等）发生率。但本研究纳入文献质量参差不齐，仍需更多大样本、高质量、多中心的RCT试验验证结论。     

弹性抗阻运动对慢性阻塞性肺疾病康复疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价弹性抗阻运动(弹力带/弹力管)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者康复疗效的影响。方法 检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、维普、万方和生物医学文献数据库中关于弹性抗阻运动治疗COPD患者的临床随机对照试验,检索时限自建库至2020年9月。最后纳入文献11篇,其中英文9篇,中文2篇,共485例患者。采用Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具及物理治疗证据数据库量表进行质量评价,采用RevMan 5.2软件进行分析。这一系统评价在PROSPERO(CRD42020208659)上登记。结果 弹性抗阻运动组与传统抗阻运动组(如举重训练机、体重训练) 6 min步行试验距离(6WMD) (MD = 1.19, 95%CI -7.02~9.39, P = 0.78)、COPD患者自我评估测试(CAT) (MD = -0.43, 95%CI -2.42~1.57, P = 0.68)和肌力(MD = 0.23, 95%CI -1.06~1.52, P = 0.73)无显著性差异,两组间异质性不高。弹性抗阻运动组与非抗阻运动组6MWD (MD = 18.30, 95%CI -8.92~45.52, P = 0.19)和CAT (MD = -0.59, 95%CI -3.78~2.60, P = 0.72)无显著性差异,研究间异质性较高。结论 弹性抗阻运动也许是一种潜在的替代传统抗阻训练的方法,但弹性抗阻运动对运动耐力、生活质量、肺功能的影响尚不明确。     

Demarcation of arteriopulmonary segments: a novel and effective method for the identification of pulmonary segments

ObjectiveEach pulmonary segment is an anatomical and functional unit. However, it is fundamentally difficult to precisely distinguish every pulmonary segment using the conventional pulmonary intersegmental planes from computed tomography images. Building arteriopulmonary segments is likely to be an effective way to identify pulmonary segments.MethodsThe thoracic computed tomography images of 40 patients were collected. The anatomic structures of interest were extracted in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes using the semi-automated segmentation tools provided by Amira software. The intrapulmonary vessels were subsequently segmented and reconstructed. The distributions of the pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchi were observed. In patients with pulmonary masses, the mass was also reconstructed.ResultsThe three-dimensional reconstructed images showed the branches of the pulmonary artery ramified up to their eighth order covering the entire lung as well as evident intersegmental gaps without pulmonary arteries. The segmental artery was closely accompanied by the segmental bronchi in 486 pulmonary segments (90% of total number of segments). The size and spatial location of the pulmonary mass within a pulmonary segment were also clearly visible.ConclusionsDemarcation of arteriopulmonary segments can be used to precisely distinguish every pulmonary segment and provide its detailed anatomical structure before pulmonary segmentectomy.